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Neurofeedback in ADHD: a single-blind randomized controlled trial.
Neurofeedback treatment has been demonstrated to reduce inattention, impulsivity and hyperactivity in children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, previous studies did not adequately control confounding variables or did not employ a randomized reinforcer-controlled design. This study addresses those methodological shortcomings by comparing the effects of the following two matched biofeedback training variants on the primary symptoms of ADHD: EEG neurofeedback (NF) aiming at theta/beta ratio reduction and EMG biofeedback (BF) aiming at forehead muscle relaxation. Thirty-five children with ADHD (26 boys, 9 girls; 6-14 years old) were randomly assigned to either the therapy group (NF; n = 18) or the control group (BF; n = 17). Treatment for both groups consisted of 30 sessions. Pre- and post-treatment assessment consisted of psychophysiological measures, behavioural rating scales completed by parents and teachers, as well as psychometric measures. Training effectively reduced theta/beta ratios and EMG levels in the NF and BF groups, respectively. Parents reported significant reductions in primary ADHD symptoms, and inattention improvements in the NF group were higher compared to the control intervention (BF, d (corr) = -.94). NF training also improved attention and reaction times on the psychometric measures. The results indicate that NF effectively reduced inattention symptoms on parent rating scales and reaction time in neuropsychological tests. However, regarding hyperactivity and impulsivity symptoms, the results imply that non-specific factors, such as behavioralcontingencies, self-efficacy, structured learning environment and feed-forward processes, may also contribute to the positive behavioural effects induced by neurofeedback training.
Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2011 Sep;20(9):481-91. Epub 2011 Aug 13. Bakhshayesh AR, Hänsch S, Wyschkon A, Rezai MJ, Esser G. Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran.
What is fear? The fear that we experience is a product of a combination of our ability to anticipate and our instinctual drive to survive. This involves two parts of our brain. The first is it the area of our brain that allows us to anticipate and simulate. It is the part of the brain that allows us to use imagination and suggestion. When allowed to run amok, this part of the brain will cause high levels of misery. The second part of the brain that is involved with fear helps us to react to any threats to our safety. Unfortunately, in many instances our ability to anticipate may cause...
Much has been said about the desire to change. Indeed, this is the topic of many self-help experts, personal coaches, and even professional counselors, psychologists, and other psychotherapists. However, little is ever said about why a person would want to transform.
The first thing that I notice is that there is a universal desire for happiness. While many people will never be content – even if their situation is the envy of many others – generally when a person has something that is causing a high level of dissatisfaction in their life, then they develop an urge to become...
Let’s face it. More than likely you have the same brain and same physiology as the most prodigious genius and top Olympic athlete. Yes, an inventory of your brain sectors, organs, and muscle groups show a surprising similarity to the top performers. Yet, why haven’t you achieved such greatness? This is a question that I’ve asked for several decades. It surprised me what I discovered.
Our first obstacle is that each and every one of us is programmed to be mediocre. Think about this for a moment. Back when you were in school, two groups of people were often criticized. These were the...
